Communication Accommodations & Autism

It is essential to begin this article by acknowledging that every learner with ASD is unique, with varying challenges and accommodations to consider. While this article is not intended to diagnose or treat communication challenges in learners with autism, it aims to offer possible resources to help home educators adapt the curriculum to meet the needs of autistic learners. Rather than providing a comprehensive overview of every aspect related to individuals with autism, this resource promotes awareness and offers insights based on both empirical research and anecdotal evidence.

First published online August 25, 2023
Kelsey Tilley


Keywords: autism; home education; communication challenges; inclusive education; student-centered; assistive technology

In this article, we will explore how adaptations can support autistic learners with communication challenges, focusing on flexible approaches like verbal presentations, typing, and assistive technologies in a home education setting. By breaking down these strategies and highlighting their effectiveness, we show how these methods can make learning more accessible and engaging for autistic students. By sharing practical examples of how these adaptations can be implemented, readers will see how these tools can foster a supportive learning environment where autistic learners can thrive, reach their full potential, and feel valued in their educational journey.

Wondering how to better support communication for autistic learners? Explore how alternative approaches can bring out the best in your students.

Communication Challenges in Autism

Educating a learner with autism can come with communication challenges that may require a variety of accommodations. Effective communication is foundational not just for academic success but also for building social connections and emotional well-being. This can present unique challenges for autistic learners and it is important for educators to understand the complexities this challenge may bring to the classroom. This allows educators to better tailor and adapt their curriculum and pedagogic methods to meet the needs of their autistic learners. 

Autistic learners may face a range of communication difficulties, each affecting their ability to express themselves, understand others, and engage in social interactions. These challenges affect present differently in each individual learner. In addition, certain co-morbidities related to communication are commonly associated with Autism, further influencing how a child communicates and interacts with their environment. Some common communication difficulties and co-morbid communication diagnoses often seen in autistic learners are:

  • Delayed or Limited Speech Development: Some autistic learners may develop speech later than their peers or may be minimally verbal or non-verbal.

  • Difficulty Understanding and Using Non-Verbal Cues: Challenges with interpreting facial expressions, body language, and tone of voice.

  • Echolalia: Repetition of words or phrases, which can affect the ability to generate original responses in conversation.

  • Literal Interpretation of Language: Difficulty understanding idioms, metaphors, sarcasm, and indirect requests.

  • Pragmatic Language Difficulties: Challenges with the social aspects of communication, such as turn-taking in conversations and understanding conversational norms.

  • Sensory Processing Issues Affecting Communication: Sensory sensitivities that make it difficult to focus on communication in certain environments.

  • Selective Mutism: Choosing not to speak in certain situations or with specific people, often due to anxiety or discomfort.

  • Anxiety Around Communication: Communication-related anxiety, especially in unfamiliar or high-pressure situations.

Co-Morbid Communication Diagnoses:

  • Social Pragmatic Communication Disorder (SCD): A condition that primarily affects the social use of language, where learners may struggle with the nuances of conversation, such as understanding sarcasm, staying on topic, or recognizing when to change the subject. This disorder can overlap with Autism but can also exist as a separate diagnosis.

  • Expressive Language Disorder: Difficulty expressing thoughts and ideas through speech.

  • Receptive Language Disorder: Difficulty understanding spoken language and following verbal instructions.

  • Speech Sound Disorder: Challenges with producing speech sounds correctly, affecting speech clarity.

  • Apraxia of Speech: A motor speech disorder where the brain struggles to plan and coordinate the movements needed for speech.

  • Selective Mutism (SM): A complex anxiety disorder that can cause a child to be unable to speak in certain social settings, despite being able to speak in others.

Understanding a Learner’s Communication Needs

Understanding the learner’s communication needs is important to their educational journey and because each learner on the spectrum has a unique way of communicating,  these differences require a tailored approach. In the home environment, an educator has the opportunity to observe the student in their most natural state, free from the pressures and distractions often present in other educational settings. This close observation allows them to recognize when the learner is struggling to communicate, whether they are having difficulties with verbal expression, interpreting non-verbal cues, or navigating social interactions.

Once you have a clear understanding of your child's communication needs and diagnosis’, the next step is to develop a personalized communication plan that builds on their strengths and addresses their challenges. This plan should be flexible, adapting to your child's progress and evolving needs. However, creating this plan requires more than just parental intuition, it necessitates collaborating with the professionals involved. Working closely with your child’s doctor and with their speech or occupational therapist is important. These professionals can provide detailed assessments and recommendations based on their expertise, helping to ensure that an educator’s strategies are effective and aligned with your child’s developmental trajectory. By integrating their guidance with your observations, you can create a supportive learning environment that meets the learner’s needs.

Effective Communication Strategies

Making use of visual supports can be one of the most effective ways to manage communication challenges with autistic learners. These supports, which can be as simple as picture cards or as detailed as charts, visually communicate concepts and instructions. For instance, displaying a daily schedule with images of each activity can help your child understand the order of their day and reduce anxiety around change, while also incorporating transitions and timers to clearly communicate upcoming changes, making shifts between activities more predictable and less stressful.

Clear and direct communication is important when teaching autistic learners, as it helps minimize misunderstandings and ensures that the learner can follow along without feeling overwhelmed. This involves using straightforward language that gets to the point without unnecessary added details. For instance, rather than using abstract or figurative language, you might choose words that are literal and easy to understand. In addition, breaking down instructions into smaller, step-by-step directions can greatly improve the ability to follow through and complete tasks effectively. For example, instead of saying, "Complete this math problem," you could say, "First, write down the numbers, aligning your numbers in columns. Then, add them together (while walking them through the process). Finally, write your answer at the bottom." By presenting tasks in a sequence of manageable steps, you help the learner focus on one part of the task at a time, reducing cognitive overload and making it easier for them to process and complete the activity. Breaking tasks into smaller parts isn't just a strategy; it's a way to connect with the learner’s needs, acknowledging their unique challenges and providing them with a clearer path to success.

Patience is also an important aspect of effective communication, as the learner may need extra time to absorb information and respond. After giving instructions or asking a question, it's helpful to pause and give them the time they need to consider their answer. This might involve waiting a bit longer or calmly repeating the question if necessary. Allowing this processing time shows respect for the student’s learning pace and processing capacity. By giving the learner ample time to process and respond, the educator helps to reduce any anxiety and build their confidence in communication. Imagine communication as a bridge, carefully built and thoughtfully crossed. This approach invites your child to traverse that bridge with a sense of ease and assurance, making each interaction a little smoother.

Incorporating American Sign Language (ASL) or another relevant sign language into your home education can be a game-changer for addressing communication challenges. For many autistic learners, verbal communication isn’t always easy, whether due to speech delays, anxiety, or other factors. Sign language opens up an alternative mode of expression, providing a visual-gestural framework that allows your child to articulate their needs, thoughts, and emotions with greater ease. By learning and using sign language, you offer a versatile communication method that can reduce frustration and improve lesson participation. This visual-gestural approach is especially useful when verbal communication feels overwhelming, providing a clear way for your child to engage with the world. Plus, it can be easily integrated into daily routines, supporting your child’s overall communication development and creating a more inclusive learning environment.

Imagine a scenario where the learner is on the playground and is suddenly overwhelmed by the sound around them. The screaming and playing from the other children, the squeaking of swings, and the general bustle of the playground become overwhelming, making it difficult for the learner to cope. In this moment, the student is so overstimulated that they are unable to verbally communicate their distress. Instead of trying to call out to the them, which might add to their stress or draw unwanted attention from others, an educator can use sign language to communicate from a distance.

Using sign language, the educator calmly ask what’s wrong from a distance, using a familiar and non-intrusive method that would have been practiced beforehand and doesn’t increase the learner’s anxiety. They respond by signing that the noise is too much for them to handle, allowing the educator to quickly understand the situation without putting additional pressure on them to speak or embarrassing them in front of their peers. This use of sign language opens lines of communication that wouldn’t otherwise be easily accessible, providing a way for the overstimulated learner to express their needs in a challenging moment. The educator might then sign back, suggesting they move to a quieter spot or come to them for a break, offering them an escape from the overwhelming environment. This discreet and effective way to communicate with the learner to help them feel supported and understood but also prevents the situation from escalating, all while preserving their dignity in a public setting.

For some autistic learners, handwriting can be a major challenge due to fine motor issues, sensory sensitivities, or anxiety. Typing assignments on a computer or tablet can be a more effective alternative, allowing students to focus on content rather than the physical act of writing. This reduces stress and helps them express their thoughts more clearly. Additionally, word processing tools offer features like spell check, making it easier to produce polished work. By giving students the option to type, educators remove a barrier to learning, enabling autistic students to showcase their knowledge and skills in a way that aligns with their strengths.

Assistive Technology Integration

Integrating assistive technology into home education can significantly enhance the learning experience for autistic learners by providing tailored support that adapts to their communication and educational needs. By carefully selecting and incorporating various technologies, including audiobooks, apps, tools, and Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices, educators can offer supportive methods for interaction, expression, and comprehension, creating a encouraging and adaptive learning environment that makes learning more accessible and engaging.

Audiobooks

Audiobooks are a valuable resource, especially for learners who struggle with traditional reading due to challenges with decoding text, maintaining focus, or processing visual information. By providing content in an auditory format, audiobooks eliminate the barriers that reading can sometimes create, allowing learners to enjoy stories and educational materials more easily. For autistic learners, audiobooks reduce the cognitive demands of reading, enabling them to engage fully with the content at their own pace. Platforms like Audible offer a wide variety of selection of audiobooks, making it easy to find materials that match a learner’s interests and educational needs. Audiobooks also improve comprehension and retention by offering correct pronunciation, language rhythm, and the nuances of skilled narration. Whether as a primary tool or a supplement to reading, audiobooks offer an accessible way to support learning and foster a love of literature.

Imagine a student named Ben, who is diagnosed with Autism, Expressive Language Disorder (ELD), and Social Pragmatic Communication Disorder (SPCD). Ben struggles significantly with traditional reading. Decoding words is a slow and frustrating process for him, and even when he manages to read the text, comprehending the material and making inferences is a challenge. This often leads to frustration and a reluctance to engage with reading assignments.

However, when Ben is introduced to audiobooks, his learning experience begins to change. Instead of getting bogged down by the mechanics of reading, Ben can now focus on the content itself. Listening to audiobooks allows him to hear the correct pronunciation and natural flow of language, which in turn supports his expressive language skills. The narrators' tone and emotion help Ben pick up on subtleties in the story that he might have missed when reading on his own, making it easier for him to understand and make inferences. With the pressure of decoding lifted, Ben can fully immerse himself in the story, leading to improved comprehension and a newfound enjoyment of literature. This shift not only boosts Ben's confidence but also opens up a world of learning that was previously out of reach for him.

"If they can't learn the way we teach, we teach the way they learn."
— Attributed to Dr. O. Ivar Lovaas, Clinical Psychologist and pioneer of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) for autism treatment

Visual Schedule Apps

The adoption of visual schedules can provide significant support into daily routines can greatly improve the learning experience for autistic individuals, particularly when it comes to understanding and managing transitions throughout the day.

Apps like Choiceworks and a Visual Schedule Planner provide a platform for the creation of customizable, interactive schedules, incorporating images, symbols, and audio prompts. These applications offer real-time updates and adjustments to accommodate changes in routine, ensuring that the structure remains consistent and adaptable. Incorporating visual visual schedules is a critical intervention, aiding learners in the comprehension and anticipation of daily routines, thereby mitigating anxiety and enhancing task transition efficiency.

Language Development and Social Skills Apps

The integration of technology in education has opened new doors for language development and social skills training. Apps such as Proloquo2Go, LAMP Words for Life, and Avaz are specifically designed to support language development and communication. They offer extensive libraries of symbols and words that learners can use to express themselves effectively. For social skills enhancement, apps like Social Story Creator & Library or Model Me Going Places provide interactive stories and scenarios that teach appropriate social interactions and responses in various situations. These tools give fun and repeated practice, which is important for making sure you remember what you learn and feel confident when communicating.

Adapting Curriculum

When educating an autistic learner at home, creating a positive, supportive learning environment that celebrates their individuality starts with thoughtfully adapting assignments to match their pace. By turning abstract concepts into concrete realities through hands-on, interactive lessons that resonate with their communication needs, you create an environment where your child can flourish, feeling both challenged and supported. Aligning pedagogic methods, curriculum to their strengths makes learning accessible. The key to unlocking their potential lies in customizing every aspect of their education to reflect their personal needs.

In a busy learning environment, each autistic learner has their own way of communicating. Lesson plans can be modified to align with the learner’s communication style, equipping them to maximize their learning outcomes. For a student who struggles with verbal communication, using picture cards or gestures can make it easier for them to express their thoughts. If the learner uses an AAC device, adding relevant words or phrases to the lesson can help them participate in discussions. Activities can also be designed for non-verbal communication, like role-playing where they can practice using their AAC device in real-life situations. These simple changes ensure that every student, regardless of how they communicate, can learn and grow confidently.

Consider a scenario where the learner has difficulty with written expression due to a communication disorder. In this case, a traditional essay assignment might feel overwhelming, leading to increased anxiety and potentially resulting in incomplete work. For some autistic learners, this level of frustration can escalate to the point of triggering a shutdown or meltdown, where they might become completely overwhelmed and unable to continue with the task at hand. To prevent this, you could modify the assignment to allow them to present their ideas verbally, either through a recorded video or a live presentation, or by typing out the assignment instead of writing it by hand.

Personalized learning is about understanding how each child learns best and tailoring instruction to meet those needs.

Alternatively, they could use assistive technology, such as a speech-to-text program, to help them articulate their thoughts without the pressure of writing. This modification helps ensure that the assignment is accessible and manageable for the learner and also helps to mitigate the risk of overwhelming them. These small but significant modifications can transform the learning experience give them the tools they need to truly thrive.

Conclusion

In conclusion, supporting autistic learners with communication challenges goes beyond just adjusting assignments. By using flexible methods like verbal presentations, typing, or assistive technologies, educators can make learning more accessible and help students succeed. These adaptations give autistic learners the chance to excel, ensuring they feel valued and capable. With a adaptive approach, educators can help students reach their full potential.

References:

Attwood T., (2008) The Complete Guide to Asperger’s Syndrome. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, Print.
Bogdashina O., (2022) Communication Issues in Autism and Asperger Syndrome, Second Edition. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, Print.
Bogdashina O., (2004) Communication Issues in Autism and Asperger Syndrome: Do we speak the same language? Jessica Kingsley Publishers, Print.
Hodgdon L., (2023) Visual Strategies for Improving Communication: Practical Supports for School & Home. Quirkroberts Publishing, Print
Murdoch Children's Research Institute., (2018) Communication interventions for autism spectrum disorder in minimally verbal children. NIH, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6516977/
Sussman F., (2020) More Than Words: A Parents Guide to Building Interaction and Language Skills for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder or Social Communication Difficulties. Hanen Centre, Print
University of Kansas., (2024) Communication difficulties in autism spectrum disorder. https://educationonline.ku.edu/community/communication-difficulties-in-autism-spectrum-disorder